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The physicochemical properties of a drug govern its absorptive potential, but the properties of the dosage form (which partly depend on its design and manufacture) can largely determine drug bioavailability. Differences in bioavailability among formulations of a given drug can have clinical significance. Thus, the concept of equivalence among drug products is important in making clinical decisions. Chemical equivalence refers to drug products that contain the same compound in the same amount and that meet current official standards; however, inactive ingredients in drug products may differ. Bioequivalence refers to chemical equivalents that, when administered to the same person in the same dosage regimen, result in equivalent concentrations of drug in blood and tissues. Therapeutic equivalence refers to drug products that, when administered to the same person in the same dosage regimen, provide essentially the same therapeutic effect or toxicity. Bioequivalent products are expected to be therapeutically equivalent.
Sometimes therapeutic equivalence may be achieved despite differences in bioavailability. For example, the therapeutic index (ratio of the maximum tolerated dose to the minimum effective dose) of penicillin is so wide that moderate blood concentration differences due to bioavailability differences in penicillin products may not affect therapeutic efficacy or safety. In contrast, bioavailability differences are important for a drug with a relatively narrow therapeutic index.
The physiologic characteristics and comorbidities of the patient also affect bioavailability.
Absorption rate is important because even when a drug is absorbed completely, it may be absorbed too slowly to produce a therapeutic blood level quickly enough or so rapidly that toxicity results from high drug concentrations after each dose.
Causes of Low Bioavailability
When a drug rapidly dissolves and readily crosses membranes, absorption tends to be complete, but absorption of orally administered drugs is not always complete. Before reaching the vena cava, a drug must move down the GI tract and pass through the gut wall and liver, common sites of drug metabolism; thus, a drug may be metabolized (first-pass metabolism) before it can be measured in the systemic circulation. Many drugs have low oral bioavailability because of extensive first-pass metabolism. For such drugs (eg, isoproterenol, norepinephrine, testosterone), extraction in these tissues is so extensive that bioavailability is virtually zero. For drugs with an active metabolite, the therapeutic consequence of first-pass metabolism depends on the contributions of the drug and the metabolite to the desired and undesired effects.
Low bioavailability is most common with oral dosage forms of poorly water-soluble, slowly absorbed drugs. More factors can affect bioavailability when absorption is slow or incomplete than when it is rapid and complete, so slow or incomplete absorption often leads to variable therapeutic responses.
Insufficient time in the GI tract is a common cause of low bioavailability. Ingested drug is exposed to the entire GI tract for no more than 1 to 2 days and to the small intestine for only 2 to 4 h. If the drug does not dissolve readily or cannot penetrate the epithelial membrane (eg, if it is highly ionized and polar), time at the absorption site may be insufficient. In such cases, bioavailability tends to be highly variable as well as low. Age, sex, activity, genetic phenotype, stress, disease (eg, achlorhydria, malabsorption syndromes), or previous GI surgery can affect drug bioavailability.
Reactions that compete with absorption can reduce bioavailability. They include complex formation (eg, between tetracycline and polyvalent metal ions), hydrolysis by gastric acid or digestive enzymes (eg, penicillin and chloramphenicol palmitate hydrolysis), conjugation in the gut wall (eg, sulfoconjugation of isoproterenol), adsorption to other drugs (eg, digoxin and cholestyramine), and metabolism by luminal microflora.
Assessment of Bioavailability
Assessment of bioavailability from plasma concentration-time data usually involves determining the maximum (peak) plasma drug concentration, the time at which maximum plasma drug concentration occurs (peak time), and the area under the plasma concentration-time curve. The plasma drug concentration increases with the extent of absorption; the peak is reached when the drug elimination rate equals absorption rate. Bioavailability determinations based on the peak plasma concentration can be misleading, because drug elimination begins as soon as the drug enters the bloodstream. The most widely used general index of absorption rate is peak time; the slower the absorption, the later the peak time. However, peak time is often not a good statistical measure because it is a discrete value that depends on frequency of blood sampling and, in the case of relatively flat concentrations near the peak, on assay reproducibility.
AUC is the most reliable measure of bioavailability. It is directly proportional to the total amount of unchanged drug that reaches the systemic circulation. For an accurate measurement, blood must be sampled frequently over a long enough time to observe virtually complete drug elimination. Drug products may be considered bioequivalent in extent and rate of absorption if their plasma-level curves are essentially superimposable. Drug products that have similar AUCs but differently shaped plasma-level curves are equivalent in extent but differ in their absorption rate-time profiles.
Single vs. multiple doses: Bioavailability may be assessed after single or repetitive (multiple) dosing. More information about rate of absorption is available after a single dose than after multiple dosing. However, multiple dosing more closely represents the usual clinical situation, and plasma concentrations are usually higher than those after a single dose, facilitating data analysis. After multiple dosing at a fixed-dosing interval for four or five elimination half-lives, the blood drug concentration should be at steady state (the amount absorbed equals the amount eliminated within each dosing interval). The extent of absorption can then be analyzed by measuring the AUC during a dosing interval. Measuring the AUC over 24 h is probably preferable because of circadian variations in physiologic functions and because of possible variations in dosing intervals and absorption rates during a day.
For drugs excreted primarily unchanged in urine, bioavailability can be estimated by measuring the total amount of drug excreted after a single dose. Ideally, urine is collected over a period of 7 to 10 elimination half-lives for complete urinary recovery of the absorbed drug. Bioavailability may also be assessed after multiple dosing by measuring unchanged drug recovered from urine over 24 h under steady-state conditions.
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青霉素类英语表达:
青霉素(G) Penicillin(G) Benzylpenicillin, 苄青霉素, 盘尼西林
青霉素V Penicillin V Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Blinvan, Ospen, 苯氧甲基青霉素
苄星青霉素 Benzathine Penicillin 长效西林, 长效青霉素, 比西林, LPG, 苄星青
氨苄西林 Ampicillin 安比西林, 氨苄青霉素, 安必仙, 安必林, 安比林
阿莫西林 Amoxicillin 特力士, 弗来莫星, 羟氨苄青霉素, 益萨林, 阿莫仙, 安福喜, 本原莫星
巴氨西林 Bacampicillin 美洛平, 氨卡西林, 氨苄青霉素甲戊酯
阿洛西林 Azlocillin 阿乐欣, 咪氨苄西林, 氧咪苄青霉素, Azlin
美洛西林 Mezlocillin 天林, Baypen, Mezlin, Baycipen
替卡西林 Ticarcillin 羧噻吩青霉素, 的卡西林, Nonapen, Ticarpen
酞氨西林 Talampicillin 氨苄青霉素酞酯, 酞氨苄青霉素, 酞氨苄西林, TAPC, Talpen
夫苄西林 Furbenicillin 呋脲苄青霉素, 呋苄青霉素, 呋氨西林, 呋喃酰脲苄青霉素
氟氯西林 Flucloxacillin 氟氯苯唑青霉素, 氟沙星, 福氯平, Floxapen
羧苄西林 Carbenicillin 羧苄青霉素, 卡比西林, 羧苄青
阿扑西林 Aspoxicillim 天冬羟氨青霉素, Doyle, ASPC
匹氨西林 Pivampicillin 氨苄西林酯, 匹凡西林, 匹呋西林, 吡呋氨卡西林
双氯西林 Dicloxacillin 双氯青, Dynapen, Consaphyl, Stampen, Diflor
甲氧西林 Meticillin 新青霉素Ⅰ, 美替西林, Azapen, Penysol
苯唑西林钠 Oxacillin Sodium 新青霉素Ⅱ, 苯唑青霉素钠, 苯甲异
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小编为大家整理了抗菌药物的英文翻译,希望对你有帮助哦!
青霉素(G) Penicillin(G) Benzylpenicillin, 苄青霉素, 盘尼西林
青霉素V Penicillin V Phenoxymethylpenicillin, Blinvan, Ospen, 苯氧甲基青霉素
苄星青霉素 Benzathine Penicillin 长效西林, 长效青霉素, 比西林, LPG, 苄星青
氨苄西林 Ampicillin 安比西林, 氨苄青霉素, 安必仙, 安必林, 安比林
阿莫西林 Amoxicillin 特力士, 弗来莫星, 羟氨苄青霉素, 益萨林, 阿莫仙, 安福喜, 本原莫星
巴氨西林 Bacampicillin 美洛平, 氨卡西林, 氨苄青霉素甲戊酯
阿洛西林 Azlocillin 阿乐欣, 咪氨苄西林, 氧咪苄青霉素, Azlin
美洛西林 Mezlocillin 天林, Baypen, Mezlin, Baycipen
替卡西林 Ticarcillin 羧噻吩青霉素, 的卡西林, Nonapen, Ticarpen
酞氨西林 Talampicillin 氨苄青霉素酞酯, 酞氨苄青霉素, 酞氨苄西林, TAPC, Talpen
夫苄西林 Furbenicillin 呋脲苄青霉素, 呋苄青霉素, 呋氨西林, 呋喃酰脲苄青霉素
氟氯西林 Flucloxacillin 氟氯苯唑青霉素, 氟沙星, 福氯平, Floxapen
羧苄西林 Carbenicillin 羧苄青霉素, 卡比西林, 羧苄青
阿扑西林 Aspoxicillim 天冬羟氨青霉素, Doyle, ASPC
匹氨西林 Pivampicillin 氨苄西林酯, 匹凡西林, 匹呋西林, 吡呋氨卡西林
双氯西林 Dicloxacillin 双氯青, Dynapen, Consaphyl, Stampen, Diflor
甲氧西林 Meticillin 新青霉素Ⅰ, 美替西林, Azapen, Penysol
苯唑西林钠 Oxacillin Sodium 新青霉素Ⅱ, 苯唑青霉素钠, 苯甲异噁唑青霉素
奈夫西林 Nafcillin 新青霉素Ⅲ, 乙氧萘青霉素
匹美西林 Pivmecillinam 氮卓咪青霉素双酯, Celfuron, Melysin
仑氨苄西林 Lenampicillin Varacillin, Takacillin
美西林 Mecillinam Selexidleo, Selexid, Coactin, Amdinocillin, 氮卓脒青霉素
哌拉西林钠 Piperacillin Sodium 氧哌嗪青霉素, 哔哌西林, 哌氨苄青霉素Avocin, Orocin, Pipril
氯唑西林钠 Cloxacillin Sodium 邻氯青霉素钠, 氯唑青, Orbenin
阿帕西林钠 Apalcillin Sodium 萘啶青霉素钠, APPC, Lumota, Elumota, Palcin
磺苄西林钠 Sulbenicillin Sodium 磺苄青霉素钠, 卡他西林, 格达西林Sulfocillin, Lilacillin, Kedacillin
青霉素V钾 Phenoxymethylpenicillin Potassiume 6–苯氧乙酰胺基青霉烷酸钾, Cillaphen Distaquaine VK, Compocillin VK, Dowpen VK Cilicaine VK, Apopen, Biopen
海他西林钾 Hetacillin Potassium 缩酮氨苄青霉素钾, Etacillin, Veisapen
卡茚西林钠 Carindacillin Sodium Carbenicillin Indanyl Sodium, Geopen, Geocillin治平霉素
替莫西林二钠 Temocillin Disodium Temopen
头孢菌素类
第一代
头孢噻吩钠 Cefalotin Sodium 先锋Ⅰ号, 头孢金素, 噻孢霉素, CET
头孢噻啶 Cefaloridine 先锋Ⅱ号, 头孢利素, CER, Kafspor
头孢来星 Cefaloglycine 先锋Ⅲ号, 头孢甘酸, Kafocin, Kefglycin
头孢氨苄 Cefalexin 先锋Ⅳ号, 苯甘孢霉素, 头孢力新, CEX
头孢唑啉钠 Cefazolin Sodium 先锋Ⅴ号, 塞福宁, 西华乐林, 先锋啉, 凯复唑Cefalin, CEX, Cefamedin, Kefzol, Cramaxin
头孢拉定 Cefradine 先锋Ⅵ号, 头孢雷定, 头孢瑞丁, 头孢环已烯,泛捷复, Velosef, CED, 塞福定
头孢乙腈 Cefacetrile 先锋Ⅶ号, 头孢腈甲, 头孢赛曲
头孢匹林 Cefapirin 先锋Ⅷ号, 头孢吡硫, Ceta-Dri
头孢硫脒 Cefathiamidine 先锋18, 吡脒头孢
头孢克洛 Cefaclor 赐福乐素, 新达乐, 头孢氯氨苄, Ceclor, 希刻劳,头孢克罗, 可福乐, 氯头孢菌素, CCL
头孢羟氨苄 Cefadroxil Cefadril, Kefroxil, 羟氨苄头孢菌素, 欧意, CDX,Duracef, Bidocef, Cefamx
头孢沙定 Cefroxadine 头孢环烯氨, ORASPON, CGP-9000, CXD
头孢罗齐 Cefprozil 头孢丙烯, Cefzil
头孢替唑 Ceftezole 特子社复, Tezacef, Alomen
第二代
头孢呋辛钠 Cefuroxime Sodium 头孢呋肟, 赐福乐信, 舒贝洛, 西力欣, 特力欣, 明可欣, CXM, Zinacef, Monacef, Ketocef, Furex Kesiut, Supero
头孢替安 Cefotiam 噻乙胺唑头孢菌素, 头孢噻乙胺唑, 泛司博林, 泛司颇灵, Pansparin, Halospor, CTM
头孢呋辛酯 Cefuroxime Axetil 头孢呋肟酯, 新菌灵, 西力达, 头孢呋新乙酰乙酯Zinnat
头孢西丁 Cefoxitin 头孢氧唑, 甲氧头霉噻吩, 噻吩甲氧头孢菌素, 美福仙, 甲氧头霉噻吩, CXT, CFX
头孢尼西二钠 Cefonicid Disodium 铭乐希, Monocid, Cefonicid, Cefodie, Cefol
头孢孟多 Cefamandole 头孢羟唑, 羟苄四唑头孢菌素, Mandolkef, CMT, Cefadole, Mandol
头孢美唑钠 Cefmetazole Sodium 先锋美他醇, 氰唑甲氧头孢菌素, 头孢氰四唑, 头孢美他唑, CEFMETAZON, CMZ, Cemetol
头孢布宗 Cefbuperazone 头孢拉宗, Keiperazon, Tomiporan, Cefobutazine, CBPZ
头孢雷特 Ceforanide 头孢氨甲苯唑, 头孢苄胺四唑, 氨苄唑头孢菌素Precef
第三代
头孢地尼 Cefdinir Cefzon
头孢布坦 Ceftibuten 头孢布烯, Cedax
头孢卡品 Cefcapene Pivoxil 头孢卡喷新戊酰氧甲酯, Flomox
头孢噻肟钠 Cefotaxime Sodium 头孢氨噻肟, 泰可欣, 塞福隆, 菌必灭, 治菌必妥, 凯福隆, 凯复龙, 头孢噻肟, 喜福得, Claforan, CTX
头孢曲松钠 Ceftriaxone Sodium 头孢三嗪, 头孢泰克松, 罗氏芬, 罗噻嗪, 菌必治, 菌得治, 头孢三嗪噻肟, 泛生舒复, 西华瑞隆, Rocephin, Ro-139904, CTRX
头孢哌酮钠 Cefoperazone Sodium 头孢氧哌唑, 先锋必, 头孢必, 达诺欣, 塞福必,Cefobid, T-1551, CPZ
头孢他啶 Ceftazidime 头孢塔齐定, 头孢羧甲噻肟, 复达欣, 凯复定, Glazidine, Fortaz, Eposerin, Modocin, Fotrum, Tazidime, CTZ, Spectrum, Eposerin, Modocin
头孢唑肟 Ceftizoxime 头孢去甲噻肟, 益保世灵, 安保速灵, Epocelin CZX, CEFTIZOX
头孢克肟 Cefixime 头孢烯噻羟肟, 世伏素, 世福素, FK027, Suprax, CFIX , CEFSPAN
头孢甲肟 Cefmenoxime 头孢氨噻肟唑, 倍司特克, BESTCALL, CMX
头孢地嗪 Cefodizime 头孢双唑, 莫敌, 莫敌威, Modivid, Timcef
头孢匹胺 Cefpiramide 先福吡兰, 甲吡唑头孢菌素, 头孢吡胺, CPM,Cefpiran, Sepatren
头孢特仑酯 Cefteram Pivoxil 头孢特仑新戊酰氧甲酯, 托米仑, 头孢他美酯,富山龙, Tomiron
头孢磺吡苄钠 Cefsulodin Sodium 头孢磺吡酮, 头孢磺啶钠, 磺吡苄头孢菌素钠,达克舒林, Cefsulodine, Takesulin, CFS, SCE129
拉他头孢 Latamoxef 羟羧氧酰胺菌素, 拉氧头孢, 头孢拉坦, 噻吗灵Moxalactam, Shiomarin, Moxam, LMOX
头孢米诺 Cefminox 氨羧甲氧头孢菌素, 美土灵, Meicelin
头孢咪唑 Cefpimizole Benilan, SPIE, Ajicef
头孢替坦二钠 Cefotetan Disodium 双硫唑甲氧头孢霉素, Yamatetan, CTT, Cefotan
第四代
头孢唑喃钠 Cefuzonam Sodium Cosmosin, CZON
氟氧头孢钠 Flomoxef Sodium 氟莫克西, 6315-S
头孢匹罗 Cefpirome 头孢吡隆, 氨噻肟吡戊头孢
其它Β-内酰胺类
亚胺培南 Imipenem 伊米配能, 亚胺硫霉素, NFT
氯曲南 Aztreonam 菌克单, 君刻单, 噻肟单酰胺菌素, AZACTAM,Primbactam, Primbactin, SQ-26776
氟罗培南 Faropenem 福劳派南, Farom
苄西林/氯唑西林 Ampicillin/Cloxacillin 复方安比西林, 爱罗苏, 氨氯西林, 白罗仙, 淋必清, Pinocine
亚胺培南/西司他丁 Imipenem/Cilastatin 亚胺硫霉素/西拉司丁, 泰能, TIENAM, PRIMAXIN
阿莫西林/氟氯西林 Amoxicillin/Flucloxacillin 氟羟西林, 新灭菌, Biflocin, Infectrin
三羟阿莫西林/单羟双氯西林 Amoxycillin Trihydrate/Dicloxacillin
康彼身, 克菌, Compliscan
Β-内酰胺类抗生类+Β-内酰胺酶抑制剂
氨苄西林/舒巴坦 Ampicillin/Sulbactam 强力安必仙, 舒他西林, 优力新, 新凯兰欣, 舒氨欣, Unasyn, Sultamicillin
头孢哌酮/舒巴坦 Cefoperazone/Sulbactam 舒普深, 舒哌酮, Sulperazone
头孢噻肟/舒巴坦 Cefotaxime/Sulbactam 新治菌
哌拉西林/他佐巴坦 Piperacillin/Tazobactam Tazocin, YP-14
阿莫西林/克拉维酸 Amoxillin/Clavulanic Acid 安灭菌, 安美汀, 奥格门汀, 安美汀, 阿莫克拉Augmentin, BRL25000
替卡西林/克拉维酸 Ticarcillin/Clavulanic Acid 泰门汀, 特泯菌, 特美汀, Timentin
舒巴坦 Sulbactam 舒巴克坦, 陪他美, 青霉烷砜
氨基糖甙类
链霉素 Streptomycin RIMACTANE, RIFAMPINN, ovostrep
庆大霉素 Gentamycin 庆大霉素C, 瑞贝克, 正泰霉素
庆大霉素链 Gentamicin Chains 塞透派勒链, Septopal
妥布霉素 Tobramycin 立可信软膏,点必舒眼药水(妥布+地塞米松)
泰星,妥布拉霉素,托普霉素,NEBCIN,Factorb, Brulamycin, Tobra, Nebramycin, Gernebcin, Obracine
小诺霉素 Micronomicin 小诺米星, 沙加霉素, 相模霉素, Sagamicin, Kw-1062, MCR
核糖霉素 Ribostamycin 威他霉素, 维生霉素, Vistamycin, Ibistacin
大观霉素 Spectinomycin 奇霉素, 壮观霉素, 淋必治, 奈毒素, Spectram, 克淋, Trobicin, Kirin
阿米卡星 Amikacin 丁胺卡那霉素, Amikin, Likacin
西索米星 Sisomicin 西梭霉素, 西索霉素, 紫苏霉素, Sisomin, Sipeptin
奈替米星 Netilmicin 乙基西梭霉素, 奈特, 奈替霉素, 乙基西素米星, 立克菌星, 乙基紫苏毒素, Ethylsisomicin, Vectacin, Zetamicn, Certomycin, NETROMYCIN
异帕米星 Isepamicin 依克沙霉素, HAPA-B, Exacin
阿司米星 Astromicin 阿司霉素, 福提霉素, 武夷霉素, 强壮霉素FORTIMICIN, Kw-1070, ASTM, Fortimicin
地贝卡星 Dibekacin 双去氧卡那霉素B, Dideoxykanamycin B, DKB, 达苄霉素, Icacine
依替米星 Etimicin 悉能
磷霉素类
磷霉素 Fosfomycin 福赐美仙, Phosphonomycin, Fosfocina, FOM
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小编为大家整理了抗菌药物的英文翻译,希望对你有帮助哦!
抗菌药物的英文翻译(二):
黄连素 Berberine 小檗碱
无味黄连素 Berberine Tannate 鞣酸小檗碱
板蓝根 Isatis Tiactoria 大青叶
穿心莲 Andrographolide 一见喜, 榄核莲, 穿琥宁, 穿心莲内酯, 炎琥宁
鱼腥草素 Houttuynin 癸酰乙醛, 合成鱼腥草素, Capryt Ethaldehyde
大蒜素 Allicin 阿里新, Aricine, 大蒜辣素, 蒜素
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口渴就是口干想喝水,这是人的一个正常的生理反应,那么你知道口渴用英语怎么说吗?下面欢迎大家跟着读文网小编一起来学习口渴的英文相关知识吧。
总是口渴 Always Thirsty
我口渴 I am getting thirsty
感觉口渴 Feeling thirsty
不口渴 not thirsty
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闪电是天空中云层放电时所产生的闪光,还被用以比喻快速。那么你知道闪电用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着读文网小编来学习一下有关于闪电的英文相关知识吧。
sheet lightning;
片状闪电
chain(ed) lightning;
链状闪电
make a lightning attack;
闪电进攻
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电话号码是电话管理部门为电话机设定的号码,一般7--8位数组成。那么你知道电话号码用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟着读文网小编来学习一下电话号码的英文翻译吧。
Memorizing phone numbers
记电话号码的能力
It was a hassle remembering numbers. Now we simply add them to our contacts list. Thatusually works well unless our device is lost, stolen, or damaged.
记数字是个麻烦,现在我们只需将11位的电话号码添加到联系人列表。如果我们的手机不出现丢失、被盗或损坏的情况,这种做法通常还很好用。
No one can be expected to remember all their contact numbers. What we can do is memorize 5of our most important contact numbers. This should include a mixture of family, friends andbusiness.
没有人会记得所有的联系号码。我们能做的就是记住5个最重要的联系号码。应包括家庭、朋友和生意上的联系人的电话号码。
If you're really ambitious you can memorize 5 contacts for each category.
如果你真的想自己记住电话号码,记住每个分组中的5个联系人即可。
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现今医学分为传统医学、基于“生物-医学模式”近代发展起来的西医。从就业形式来看,医学类的就业情况依然是最好的。那么你知道医学专业用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
1. Be a professional website in preventive medicine in China!
致力于打造中国预防医学专业医学门户网!
2. To explore how to make up multimedia courseware among medical professional teachers.
本文探讨医学专业教师多媒体制作课件问题.
3. The relative countermeasures of enhancing teaching quality of physiological experiment were proposed.
就如何提高动物医学专业生理学实验的教学质量提出了相关对策.
4. Thirteen medical students will learn about treating children and performing operations.
十三个医学专业的学生将学习有关治疗儿童和手术操作方面的知识.
5. Bachelor degree or above at Clinical Medicine with over 1 - year working experience.
临床医学专业,本科学历或以上学历,一年以上工作经验.
6. Medical genetics is an important medical major that contains rich humanistic resources.
医学遗传学是一门重要的医学专业,具有非常丰富的人文内涵.
7. The medical student studies the skeleton of the human body.
这位医学专业的学生研究人体的尸骸.
8. I do not believe the medical profession has a monopoly on morality.
我不认为医学专业是唯一的高尚的职业.
9. Food Testing was the experimental and applied basic courses for Prevent Medicine.
《食品检验》是预防医学专业一门实验性和应用性很强的专业基础课.
10. College Degree in Nursing or Medicine.
大专学历,护理或医学专业.
11. There are many medical specialties.
有很多医学专业.
12. Medical professionals call autism spectrum disorders.
它的医学专业称谓是自闭症障碍.
13. The article summarize the measures on constituting the model of community oriented preventive medicine education.
对如何建立以社区为基础非预防医学专业预防医学教育教学模式进行总结.
14. And we focus on technical report and clinical and basic research world wide.
我们关注全球最新的医学专业上报道以及临床、基础研究进展情况.
15. I am a sweet , caring , openminded, warmhearted , educated Chinese girl. I like reading, swimming, travilling, music.
医学专业毕业{士}现从是美容, 心地善良, 真诚, 喜欢阅读, 游泳, 旅游, 听音乐及健康的生活方式.
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一会,这个时间概念是模糊的,并没有规定这一会的时间长短。那么你知道一会儿用英语怎么说吗?下面和读文网小编一起来学习一下一会儿的英语说法吧。
1. She went for a brisk walk to work off her frustration.
她快步走了一会儿,以排解心中的沮丧。
2. I'll make the tea and you pop off for a while.
我来备茶,你去歇一会儿吧。
3. Will you lend me your jacket for a little while?
你能把上衣借给我穿一会儿吗?
4. He was lost in the con-templation of the landscape for a while.
有一会儿,他怔怔地注视着周围的景物。
5. He is unpredictable, weeping one moment, laughing the next.
他喜怒无常,一会儿哭,一会儿笑。
6. A moment later, Cohen picked up the phone. "Hello?"
过了一会儿,科恩接起电话。“喂?”
7. It took a moment for Mark to recover his poise.
马克过了一会儿才恢复镇静。
8. Calm down for a minute and listen to me.
你安静一会儿,听我说。
9. After a pause Alex said sharply: "I'm sorry if I've upset you"
歇了一会儿后,亚历克斯毫不客气地说:“要是让你心烦了,那我很抱歉。”
10. He moped around the office for a while, feeling bored.
他在办公室闲荡了一会儿,感到百无聊赖。
11. I should lie down for a bit, if I were you.
如果我是你,我就会躺一会儿。
12. Despite the unsettled weather, we had a marvellous weekend.
尽管天气一会儿好一会儿差,我们仍然度过了一个美好的周末。
13. He thought for a moment, stroking his well-defined jaw.
他摸着自己轮廓分明的下巴想了一会儿。
14. I'll drive you back to your hotel later. It's no bother.
我一会儿会开车把你送回宾馆,举手之劳。
15. He looked up distractedly. "Be with you in a second."
他心不在焉地抬头道:“一会儿就来。”
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医学博士意指“医学教师”,为医学学位的一个衔头,在不同国家有不同的定义。那么你知道医学博士用英语怎么说吗?下面跟着读文网小编一起来学习一下吧。
Medical Doctor
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午安的用法国内外有所不同,一般见面的时候在中国是不说的,但是外国不论是早安、午安、还是晚安,都可以作为见面的问候语。今天读文网小编在这里为大家介绍午安用英语怎么说,欢迎大家阅读!
1. Mary: Good afternoon. I made an appointment for a perm at four.
玛丽: 午安. 我约好四点钟烫发.
2. Good afternoon. I wonder if you can help me?
午安, 不知你是否能帮我个 忙 ?
3. Good afternoon. Is there anything I can do for you?
午安,我能为您效劳什么 吗 ?
4. In case I don't see you, good afternoon and good night.
在这里 先 预祝你们, 午安和晚安.
5. Good afternoon, gentlemen . Mr. Sonoda has been looking forward to your arrival.
各位先生午安, 园田先生一直盼望着您们抵达.
6. Good afternoon, Mr. Robbins. Welcome to Hualien.
午安, 罗宾斯先生, 欢迎你来花莲.
7. Good afternoon, sir. May I help you?
午安, 先生, 要结帐 吗 ?
8. Good afternoon. Excel Industry.
午安, 是Excel工业公司.
9. Class: Good afternoon, Madam Hooch.
同学们: 午安, 胡奇夫人.
10. Good afternoon, Mr. Green.
午安, 格林先生.
11. Good afternoon, ABC Motors.
午安, ABC汽车公司.
12. Good afternoon, Madam. May I help you?
午安, 太太,我可以帮你 吗 ?
13. Good afternoon. Tokyo Trading.
午安! 这里是东京贸易公司.
14. Good afternoon, can I help you?
午安, 我能为您效劳 吗 ?
15. Good evening, ladies and gentlemen.
午安, 先生小姐们.
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“晚上好”是用来打招呼的日常用语,世界各国使用频率最高的词汇之一。那么你知道晚上好用英语怎么说吗?下面和读文网小编一起来学习一下晚上好的英语说法吧。
1. Hello. 你好!
2. Good morning. 早上好。
3. I am Kate Green. 我是凯特·格林。
4. Are you Tom Brown? 你是汤姆·布朗吗?
5. Yes, I am. 是的,我是。
6. How do you do? 你好!How do you do? 你好!
7. How are you? 你好吗?Fine, thanks. 很好,谢谢。
8. How is your mother? 你妈妈好吗?
9. She is very well, thank you. 她很好,谢谢你。
10. Good afternoon. 午安。
11. Good evening. 晚上好。
12. Good night. 晚安。
13. Good-bye. 再见。
14. See you in the evening. 晚上见。
15. So long. 再见。
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上帝是犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教创造宇宙的神,被视为宗教信徒至高无上的信仰,那么你知道上帝用英语怎么说吗?接下来跟读文网小编一起来学习一下关于上帝的英语知识吧。
上帝保佑 God bless (you)!
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临床医学是研究疾病的病因、诊断、治疗和预后,提高临床治疗水平,促进人体健康的科学。是直接面对疾病、病人,对病人直接实施治疗的科学。那么你知道临床医学用英语怎么说吗?下面来学习一下吧。
临床医学概论 Introduction to Clinical Medicine
临床医学影像 Images in Clinical Medicine
临床医学检验 clinical laboratory techniques
临床医学专家 Specialists in clinical medicine
临床医学专业学位 degree of clinical medicine
临床医学类期刊 Nature Clinical Practice Journals
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汽车是一个完成品,有各种各样的汽车配件拼凑而成。今天读文网小编在这里为大家介绍汽车配件用英语怎么说,希望这些汽车配件英语知识能帮到大家!
1. The company was established in 2005 to auto parts, supplies export - oriented.
本公司成立于2005年,以汽车配件 、 用品出口为主.
2. Able to independently identify the function and quality of auto parts.
能够独立识别,判断汽车配件的功能属性及质量.
3. The factory supplied us with some parts of the car.
那家工厂给我们提供了一些汽车配件.
4. My company specializes in motorcycle accessories, auto parts, general machinery exports.
我公司专业从事摩托车配件, 汽车配件, 通用机械的出口.
5. Scope: Motor vehicles and parts sales . Motor vehicles and parts sales.
经营范围: 汽车及汽车配件的销售.
6. Auto parts mainly gear, belt and the car dashboard, and other accessories.
汽车配件主要是齿轮, 同步带以及汽车仪表等配件.
7. Scope: China - made cars and auto parts sales andparts sales.
经营范围: 国产汽车、汽车配件的销售.
8. Car Accessories, Tent , Beach Item, Bag, Seat Cover, Hamper, Mat Automobile Accessories.
采购产品汽车配件, 窗帘篷, 沙滩项目, 袋, 座椅的范围, 阻碍, 垫汽车配件.
9. Main business of auto parts, machinery and other accessories.
主要经营个汽车配件, 机械配件等.
10. Campbell, meanwhile, returned to his family and auto parts business.
其间, 坎贝尔回到了家人身边并重操旧业干起了汽车配件的工作.
11. There is a lucrative black market in spare parts for car.
有一个能赚钱的汽车配件黑市.
12. China's automobile spare parts industry a very good prospect in the future . "
中国汽车配件行业,是一个极具 发展前途 的产业.
13. General cargo, sales auto parts, motorcycle accessories.
普通货运, 销售汽车配件, 摩托车配件.
14. Marine applications, cooking utensils, car fittings, furniture.
海事用品 、 煮食器具 、 汽车配件 、 家俱.
15. Marine application, cooking utensils, car fittings, door furniture.
海事用品 、 煮食器具 、 汽车配件 、 家具.
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当我们对某种事物完全失去了信心的时候,这种感觉就是绝望。那么你知道绝望用英语怎么说吗?下面跟读文网小编一起来学习一下关于绝望的英语吧。
disappointment, despair, desperation, depression这组词都有“绝望、沮丧”的意思,其区别是:
disappointment 多指愿望或期望的落空。
despair 普通用词,指因灾难等因素而丧失希望和信心,陷入沮丧,绝望的境地。
desperation 语气强烈,指因绝望而使人采取无所顾忌的疯狂行动。
depression 侧重指因遭受重大失利或挫折而产生的低落情绪。
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